UK Diets Lack Key Nutrients: Selenium, Iodine, and Riboflavin Deficiencies Rise

A recent analysis of the UK’s National Diet and Nutrition Survey has revealed significant deficiencies in three essential nutrients: selenium, iodine, and riboflavin (vitamin B2). The findings indicate that many individuals may not be aware of their lack of these nutrients, which are crucial for overall health.

The survey, published in 2023, highlights a worrying trend in dietary deficiencies since the last report in 2016. According to Bridget Benelam of the British Nutrition Foundation, the nation’s eating patterns suggest a failure to maintain a balanced diet. While deficiencies in vitamin D, folate (vitamin B9), iron, calcium, and potassium are more commonly recognized, this new data sheds light on less-discussed nutrient shortfalls.

Dr. Emma Derbyshire, a public health nutritionist at the Health & Food Supplements Information Service, noted that the increasing trend toward plant-based diets could be contributing to these deficiencies. She emphasized the importance of considering selenium, which is often overshadowed by other nutrients.

Selenium: Essential Yet Overlooked

Selenium is crucial for immune system function. Dr. Derbyshire pointed out that nearly half of adults surveyed did not meet the recommended dietary intake for this mineral. A deficiency can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, fatigue, muscle weakness, and decreased sperm quality in men. Food sources rich in selenium include meat, fish, eggs, Brazil nuts, lentils, and grains.

Concerns have also been raised in Parliament regarding low selenium levels in British farmland, which could be affecting the nutrient content of crops. Variability in selenium levels in UK soils has been documented, potentially exacerbating dietary deficiencies.

Iodine: A Key for Brain Development

Iodine is critical for synthesizing the hormone thyroxine, and its deficiency can have serious implications, particularly in pregnant women. The survey found that approximately 13 percent of adults do not consume enough iodine. Over the past decade, iodine levels measured in urine have dropped by a quarter, indicating a significant public health concern.

Dr. Derbyshire explained that while plant-based milks may be fortified with iodine, the amounts often fall short of what is necessary for optimal health. Seafood and dairy products are primary sources of iodine, making those who avoid these foods particularly vulnerable.

Riboflavin: Vital for Energy Metabolism

Riboflavin, or vitamin B2, plays a key role in energy metabolism. The survey indicated that 15 percent of adults and one-third of teenage girls are not getting enough riboflavin in their diets. Dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and certain green vegetables like spinach.

Benelam highlighted the need for individuals avoiding meat and animal products to consider supplements to prevent malnutrition. She noted that a balanced diet across all food groups should typically provide necessary nutrients, with the exception of vitamin D, which remains a challenge for many.

The complete analysis is published in the journal Food and Nutrition Sciences, underscoring the urgent need for increased awareness about these nutrient deficiencies in the UK. Addressing these gaps is crucial not only for current health but also for the well-being of future generations.