Rutgers Scientists Harness RNA Nanotechnology to Target Cancer Cells

Scientists at Rutgers University–Newark have made a significant advancement in cancer treatment through the development of a novel RNA-based nanotechnology. This groundbreaking method allows for the self-assembly of RNA structures within living human cells, enabling targeted action against harmful cells. The findings, published in Nature Communications on February 4, 2026, represent a pivotal moment in biomedical research aimed at combating cancer.

The research team, led by Professor Fei Zhang from the Department of Chemistry and Professor Jean-Pierre Etchegaray from the Department of Biological Sciences, is currently testing this technology on human cancer cells. While results from these trials have yet to be published, the potential applications of this self-assembling nanotechnology are promising.

Innovative Approach to Cancer Treatment

This newly developed nanostructure functions as a versatile molecular tool, capable of addressing multiple detrimental genes and proteins at once. The technology was designed to operate similarly to software, with RNA acting as the messenger that conveys instructions from DNA. By introducing a synthetic DNA template into the cells, the researchers have created a method where RNA can fold and assemble autonomously into precise formations within the cell.

Zhang explained that these assembled RNA structures possess functional domains that are adaptable for various biomedical applications. This innovative approach differs from traditional methods that deliver pre-synthesized molecules into cells. Instead, the RNA acts like tiny Lego blocks, automatically finding and connecting with one another to form specific structures. This self-assembly capability is vital, especially in tackling cancer, where multiple malfunctioning genes contribute to the disease.

The researchers aim to design RNA structures that can specifically identify and target cancer cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. This targeted action is crucial for disabling cancer stem cells, which are known for their role in initiating and propagating tumors while exhibiting resistance to treatments.

Future Directions and Collaboration Efforts

The team is currently investigating how to use this technology to disable oncogenes and prevent cancer stem cells from proliferating. Etchegaray noted, “They will no longer be able to promote tumor growth, metastasis, and even relapse.” This approach could revolutionize cancer therapies, which typically target only one molecule at a time. In contrast, the Rutgers researchers’ platform can engage with multiple targets simultaneously, presenting unprecedented possibilities for biotechnology.

Additionally, the technology has the potential to complement existing RNA therapies by integrating functional sequences from traditional treatments into its framework. Zhang stated, “We can integrate fragments and functional sequences from the traditional RNA therapeutics into our platforms,” further enhancing treatment options for patients.

With a provisional patent already approved, the research team is actively seeking investors, industry partners, and collaborators to expedite the development and eventual clinical trials of this technology. Zhang emphasized the importance of collaboration, stating, “If we can have more people on board and attract different interest from partners, that will make this go forward faster.”

Beyond cancer, this RNA nanotechnology could be tailored to target other diseases caused by the misexpression of genes and proteins. As the team continues its research, the implications of their work could extend far beyond oncology, potentially transforming the landscape of medical treatment for various conditions.

The full study detailing these findings is available in the publication by Xu Chang et al., titled “Designer RNA nanostructures co-transcribed and self-assembled inside human cell nuclei,” in Nature Communications (2025).